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Practice these MCQs in the appQuick fact: The belief in the created nature of the Quran is held by the Mutazilites.
The Mutazilites were a rationalist theological school that emerged in the 8th century CE. They held that the Quran was created (makhluq) rather than eternal, arguing that believing in an uncreated Quran would imply co-eternity with Allah, which they saw as compromising Tawheed. This doctrine became official state policy during the Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun's reign (the Mihna or inquisition). In contrast, the Asharites and Maturidites, the two main Sunni theological schools, firmly upheld the belief that the Quran is the uncreated, eternal speech of Allah (Kalamullah al-Qadim).
The debate over the createdness of the Quran (Khalq al-Quran) was one of the most significant theological controversies in early Islamic history. The Mutazilites, also known as Ahl al-Adl wa al-Tawhid (People of Justice and Monotheism), championed this view using rational arguments. The Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun (813-833 CE) adopted Mutazilism and instituted the Mihna, forcing scholars to accept the createdness of the Quran. Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal famously resisted this doctrine and was imprisoned and flogged for his refusal, eventually leading to the decline of Mutazilite dominance.
